Electrochemical energy conversion and Storage Systems: A
EECS offers superior efficiency, cost, safety, and environmental benefits compared to fossil fuels. Their modularity also enables distributed renewable integration and off-grid
Enhancing large-scale modular distribution of energy will improve the lives of those in rural areas, thus boosting economic conditions across the continent. Utilizing abundant gas resources will enable Africa to produce energy for itself and promote energy export, generating additional revenue for the continent.
Although Africa is rich in renewable resources, their use remains limited. Implementing electrochemical energy conversion and storage (EECS) technologies such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and ceramic fuel cells (CFCs) can facilitate the transition to a clean energy future.
However, Africa's energy resources are diverse and unevenly distributed Fig. 6 c. Oil is the most utilized energy source (∼42 % of the total energy consumption), followed by gas (∼28 %), coal (∼22 %), hydro (∼6 %), renewable energy (∼1 %), and nuclear (∼1 %) [4, 141].
In Africa, recycling regulations and policies are inadequate or poorly enforced [140, 142, 176, 178]. There are no clear standards for hazardous waste treatment, reporting, and licensing of facilities. Legislators must also define extended producer responsibility and recycling incentives. Robust frameworks that promote circularity are vital.
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